Intelligenza Artificiale in Italia

artificial intelligence in Italy

Judging by the explosion of new books on artificial intelligence, or AI, being published in Italy,  you might think this Mediterranean country is the the editorial epicenter for one of the hottest interdisciplinary topics. Whether you are in the humanities, social sciences, human sciences,  computer science, or STEM fields, “intelligenza artificiale” as it’s called in Italian will eventually find its way into your coursework or research. Here are just a few of the books on AI to recently reach bookstores in Italy and that have not automatically been sent to the UC Berkeley Library. However, if you are inclined just let your friendly Romance languages librarian know and he’ll be happy to push the first button to initiate this demand-driven order.*

 

*Demand-driven acquisition (DDA), is a model of library collection development in which a library only purchases materials when it is clear that a patron has demonstrated the need for a resource. If implemented correctly, DDA can make it possible to purchase only what is needed, allowing libraries to spend the same amount of money as they previously spent on monographs, but with a higher rate of use.

 

 


Bibliopolítica: A Digital History of the Chicano Studies Library

Bibliopolítica: A Digital History of the Chicano Studies Library

At the intersection of Chicana/o/x Studies, Digital Humanities and Library History, Bibliopolítica: A Digital History of the Chicano Studies Library chronicles the history of one of the first Chicana/o/x collections, the Chicano Studies Library at the University of California, Berkeley.

Bibliopolítica shares the stories of trailblazing library workers, students and community members who worked to preserve and make Chicana/o/x resources available. Featuring photographs, ephemera, archival documents, and oral histories, Bibliopolítica offers an original digital collection of primary sources and is the first audiovisual history of this special place that helped redefine what libraries could be.

Bibliopolítica takes its name from a book of the same title that Richard Chabrán and librarian colleague Francisco García-Ayvens published in 1984, BiblioPolítica: Chicano Perspectives on Library Service in the United States. In 2024, it remains one of the few titles dedicated to the discussion of Chicana/o/x librarianship. Bibliopolítica: a Digital History of the Chicano Studies Library adds to this important conversation, but it is only the beginning of a much needed longer and more detailed history of the Chicano Studies Library and the contributions of Chicana/o/x library workers.

You can explore the digital exhibit, listen to recorded oral histories, browse digitized archival items, or explore on your own path.

Co-curated by Amanda Belantara – Assistant Curator at New York University Libraries, Lillian Castillo-Speed – former Chicano Studies Library Coordinator, now Head Librarian of the Ethnic Studies Library at UC Berkeley, and Richard Chabrán – former Chicano Studies Library Coordinator, Team Leader Latino Digital Archive Group.

Digitization of archival items by Chrissy Huhn and UC Berkeley Library IT and Oral history recordings at Berkeley by Pablo Gonzalez and Angelica Garcia. See additional credits.

 


Harvey L. Sharrer (1940 – 2024)

It is with deep sadness that we share the news that Harvey Sharrer, our dear friend and colleague and co-director of the Bibliografia de Textos Antigos Galegos e Portugueses (BITAGAP) for more than thirty-five years, died unexpectedly last month.

Harvey, Professor Emeritus at the University of California Santa Barbara, passed away at his home in Santa Barbara on September 12, 2024. His life was dedicated to teaching, academic research, and world exploration.

Born in Oakland, California in 1940 to Ruth Morehouse and Harvey Sharrer, he spent his formative years in Oakland and Danville, California, graduating from San Ramon Valley High School in 1958. His passion for foreign languages was ignited by his high school Spanish teacher, who inspired him to pursue language studies in college.  After graduating from high school, Harvey took a summer course at the Monterey Institute of Foreign Studies and spent Fall quarter at the University of San Francisco. He then took a gap year to work with his father’s remodeling business, saving money for a transformative month’s-long European trip with a high school friend—an experience that kindled his lifelong love for world travel.

Returning to the U.S., Harvey earned his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in Spanish from UC Berkeley in 1963 and 1965, respectively, followed by a doctorate in Hispanic and Luso-Brazilian Literature from UCLA in 1970, with a dissertation on “The Legendary History of Britain from its Founding by Brutus to the Death of King Arthur in Lope García de Salazar’s Libro de las bienandanzas e fortunas.”  Even before finishing his dissertation he had published a Critical Bibliography of Hispanic Arthurian Material, I: Texts: The Prose Romance Cycles (London: Grant & Cutler, 1977) in Alan Deyermond’s fundamental series of Research Bibliographies & Checklists. He spent his entire academic career at UC Santa Barbara, starting in 1968 as an Acting Assistant Professor and progressing steadily through the canonical ranks to full professor in 1981. He served as chair of the UCSB Department of Spanish & Portuguese in 1978-1981 and then again 2002-2003.

Dr. Sharrer was universally admired for his scholarship and the impressive breadth of his knowledge of medieval literature and culture, encompassing Arthurian literature, the medieval Romance lyric, and, increasingly, the digital humanities—a field in which he was a pioneer. He made significant scholarly contributions to our knowledge of medieval and early modern Portuguese, Galician, Spanish, and Catalan literatures. His expertise in Catalan was honed by the two years (1984-1986) he spent as the director of the Barcelona Study Center (U. of California and U. of Illinois), where he enjoyed the friendship of Vicenç Beltran and Gemma Avenoza, who would become colleagues in PhiloBiblon as the directors of the Bibliografia de Textos Antics Catalans (BITECA).

He collaborated on BITAGAP with his friends Arthur Askins and Martha Schaffer from its beginning in 1989 as one of PhiloBiblon‘s three constituent bibliographies, all three dedicated to uncovering and documenting the primary sources of the medieval Romance literatures of the Iberian Peninsula:

Martha Schaffer and Arthur Askins with Harvey Sharrer in Coimbra in 1999, on the occasion of the investiture of Askins as Doctor <em>honoris causa</em> of the Universidade de Coimbra.
Martha Schaffer and Arthur Askins with Harvey Sharrer in Coimbra in 1999, on the occasion of the investiture of Askins as Doctor honoris causa of the Universidade de Coimbra.
 

The three colleagues were indefatigable ratones de bibliotecas, systematically quartering Portugal, from Bragança in the north to Lagos in the south, in search of new manuscripts of medieval Portuguese and Galician texts. They found the richest collections, however, in Lisbon: the Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, the Ajuda library, and Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo.  They and their Portuguese collaborators, especially Pedro Pinto and Filipe Alves Moreira, combed through those collections assiduously. Harvey’s most spectacular discovery, in 1990, was the eponymous  Pergaminho Sharrer, a parchment fragment with seven lyric poems in Galician-Portuguese, with music, by King Dinis of Portugal (1278-1325) . It had been used as the cover of a bundle of 16th-c. documents in the Torre do Tombo, a not  uncommon practice during the period.

Harvey described his discovery in “Fragmentos de Sete Cantigas d’Amor de D. Dinis, musicadas –uma descoberta” (Actas do IV Congresso da Associação Hispânica de Literatura Medieval, Lisboa: Edições Cosmos, 1991: I:13-29).

Pergaminho Sharrer, with seven poems by King Dinis of Portugal, with music
Pergaminho Sharrer, with seven poems by King Dinis of Portugal, with music

Retirement came in 2011, but it did little to slow Harvey down. He continued to participate in conferences worldwide and, at UCSB, generously proofread articles for his former department. He remained a respected and admired scholar, mentor, and colleague throughout his life.

Harvey at the XXXX Congress
Harvey at the microphone

Harvey’s career was commemorated by a splendid volume of homage studies edited by Ricardo Pichel, “Tenh’eu que mi fez el i mui gran ben”. Estudos sobre cultura escrita medieval dedicados a Harvey L. Sharrer (Madrid: Silex, 2022): 

Homage presentation
Presentation of the homage volume in Santiago de Compostela: (from left): Xavier Varela Barreiro, Ricardo Pichel, Harvey Sharrer, Miguel García-Fernández

Harvey Sharrer will be deeply missed for his extraordinary scholarship, his remarkable mentorship of and generosity toward students and young scholars, and his courteous and congenial personality, um cavaleiro da escola antiga. His work will continue to influence future generations of students and scholars.  In recognition of his scholarly career and lasting impact on the Santa Barbara campus, the campus flag was lowered to half-staff on Wednesday, October 2.

Harvey, who never married and considered his scholarly career to be his life’s work, is survived by a sister, Elizabeth Porter, in Upland, California, a brother, William Sharrer, in Louisville, Kentucky, and several cousins, nieces, and nephews who will miss him dearly.

Harvey did not wish to have a formal memorial service, but rather planned to create an endowment in his name at UC Santa Barbara, to be called the “Harvey L. Sharrer Dissertation Travel Grants.”  Plans for this endowment are going forward actively, and we will announce them opportunely. It will support future scholars in their research endeavors, particularly in the field of Ibero-Romance languages, reflecting Harvey’s lifelong passion and areas of expertise. 

William L. Sharrer
Elide V. Oliver
Charles B. Faulhaber


Fum d’Estampa Press

 Fum d'Estampa Press

“Our objective is to bring what we think are great stories and literature to the English-speaking world and let the readers decide for themselves.” – Douglas Suttle

Fum d’Estampa Press was founded in 2020 by translator Douglas Suttle to bring exciting, different Catalan language literature to an English speaking audience. Though small, the press quickly established itself as an ambitious publisher of high quality titles. Since then, they have been long- and short-listed for some of the most important literary prizes in the UK and abroad, and have recently started to publish fantastic literature in translation from languages other than Catalan.

Catalan authors include Montserrat Roig, Joan Fuster, Guillem Viladot, Jordi Cussà, Bel Olid, Joaquim Ruyra, Jacint Verdaguer, Laura Alcoba, Maica Rafecas, Jordi Larios, Almudena Sánchez, Adrià Pujol, Oriol Ponsatí-Murlà, Raül Garrigasait, Oriol Quintana, Joan Maragall, Jordi Llavina, Marina Porras, Jordi Graupera, Llorenç Villalonga, Jaume Subirana, Ferran Soldevila, Narcís Oller, and Rosa Maria Arquimbau.

Among the translators are Alan Yates, Ronald Puppo, Louise Johnson and Peter Bush, Tiago Miller, and Mara Faye Lethem.

While its editorial offices are based in Vilafranca del Penedès, south of Barcelona, it prints its books in the south of England, and stores its physical books in Scotland. Ebooks are also available.

Here are a few of their books held by the UC Berkeley Library:

Visit the publisher’s site to view all available titles.

Correspondance complète de Rousseau ONLINE

 

 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 Image: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778.               Austrian National Library

In partnership with the Voltaire Foundation, the Correspondance complète de Rousseau ONLINE makes Ralph Leigh’s critical edition in 52 volumes in the original French-language available as an ebook collection for the first time.  The digital corpus gathers together all 8,000 letters written to and by one of the most important figures of eighteenth-century intellectual history, as well as the correspondence between third parties relating to the writer and his time. Drafts and copies have been collated against the original manuscripts and all variants reproduced. The extensive annotations identify individuals, events and places, explain the linguistic usages of the eighteenth century, give bibliographical information and clarify obscure allusions.

This library purchase was made possible with the generous support from the Archie & Harriett Maclean Endowed Fund for French Culture.


Col·lecció Breus from the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (CCCB)

CCCB Publications

The Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (CCCB) makes available the transcripts of debates, lectures, seminars, and symposia given by luminaries from both sides of the Atlantic over the years. Here are a few of these printed lectures, now published as bilingual pamphlets by Editorial Breus, now in the UC Berkeley Library collection:

98. La literatura y la música son parte de mí / Literature and music are part of meJulieta Venegas
96. El món que necessitem / The World we needDonna Haraway – Marta Segarra
92. Arrautza, ou, huevo, oeuf, egg / Arrautza, ou, huevo, oeuf, eggBernardo Atxaga
91. La revolució avui / Revolution todayAngela Davis
81. El viejo futuro de la democracia / Democracy´s old futurePedro Olalla
67. L’habitació, la casa, el carrer / Room, House, StreetMarta Segarra
63. La ciutat del dissens. Espai comú i pluralitat / The City of Dissent: Shared Space and PluralityXavier Antich
58. L’È́tica de láutoestima i el nou esperit del capitalisme / The Ethics of Self-esteem and the New Spirit of CapitalismJosep Maria Ruiz Simón
49. De Cartago a Chiapas: crónica intempestiva / From Carthage to Chiapas: An Untimely ChronicleJuan Villoro
46. Com si Déu no existís / Come se Dio non ci fosse Paolo Flores d’Arcais
44. Estado de excepción y genealogía del poder / The State of Exception and the Genealogy of PowerGiorgio Agamben
40. Violència d’Estat, guerra, resitència / State Violence, War, ResistanceJudith Butler
35. Artesanos de la belleza de la propia vida / Crafters of the Beauty of Life Itself Ángel Gabilondo
32. L’ambigüitat de la puresa / The Ambiguity of Purity Lluís Duch
30. L’amistat / On FriendshipJordi Llovet
18. Las lógicas del delirio / Logics of DelusionRemo Bodei

View all publications in the CCC series on the publisher’s website.

 

CCCB Publications

 


Mapping the Italian Language(s) — The Atlante Linguistico Italiano

With its tenth volume recently added to the UC Berkeley Library, the Atlante Linguistico Italiano is a unique piece of the Library’s map collections. Each entry in the atlas begins with a single concept, notion or phrase in standard Italian such as cuore, heart. Accompanying this is a map of the Italian peninsula (along with Sicily and Sardinia) that contains the equivalent term, rendered in IPA, as heard in communes all across the country. The lexical and phonetic variations of a single word play out in gradients across the landscape with small changes from one commune to the next that give way to seismic ones from one region to another. The result is a condensed roadmap of the immense linguistic diversity of Italy.

Bambino
Entry for the world “bambino”, showing variants across Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna and Liguria.

As of now, the ten available volumes cover lexical items in the following spheres: the human body, clothing, the home, food, family, and society, with many other spheres such as fauna, commerce, and agriculture yet to be published. While this work is comprehensive in its treatment of geographic variants, it says unfortunately very little about diastratic variation or the relative social capital of the varieties it contains. With its data now over 30 years old, and many of its constituent dialects likely under the threat of extinction, the Atlante may soon start to take on historic and diachronic intrigue as well.

 

Oggi
Entry for the word “oggi” showing showing variants Lombardy, Liguria, Piedmont, and the Aosta Valley.

And if you’re thinking of taking these volumes home with you, think twice. They won’t fit in your backpack. They are big and heavy, measuring 49 x 71 centimeters each, and best consulted in the comfort of the Main Stacks.

 

Pellis, Ugo, and L. (Lorenzo) Massobrio. Atlante linguistico italiano  / materiali raccolti da U. Pellis [and others] ; redatto da L. Massobrio [and others]. Roma: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 1995.
Main (Gardner) Stacks fff PC1711 .A89 1995 v.1-10


Review of Sketches from Spain: Homage to the Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Sketches from Spain

Peter Neil Carroll. Sketches from Spain: Homage to the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. ALBA Special Edition. Charlotte, NC: Main Street Rag Publishing Company, 2024.

Scholar and poet Peter Carroll may be best known for his historical works on the Spanish Civil War and the 2,800 Americans who served in it. Building on The Odyssey of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade: Americans in the Spanish Civil War (1994) and From Guernica to Human Rights: Essays on the Spanish Civil War (2015), this new collection of poems is a tribute to those volunteers known as Lincolns. Longshoremen, sailors, teachers, students, novelists, poets, nurses, doctors, barbers, carpenters, florists, truck drivers, plummers, salesmen, tailors, artists, cabbies, musicians, and factory workers of all types joined the International Brigades to stop fascism from spreading in Europe. Men and women alike, Jews, African Americans, Asian Americans from virtually all fifty states united in a common cause to liberate the democratically elected Republic of Spain from a fascist uprising led by General Francisco Franco and the neighboring dictators who propped him up—Hitler and Mussolini. Through a lyrical collage of archival sources and blank verse, Carroll has assembled a poignant testimonial of those Americans he knew who enlisted in the Abraham Lincoln and Washington battalions of the International Brigades, more commonly referred to as the Lincoln Brigade after the war.

The Lincolns or brigadistas were united by the choice they made to risk it all crossing the Atlantic for an uncertain fate. The deceased, the survivors, and even the deserters get equal page space in Carroll’s kaleidoscope homage. But not all are typical heroes in these non-fiction poems. The first is dedicated to the fragmented unknown soldier:

Does it matter who he is
or why he’s smiling, what he read?
he was there,
Spain 1937
in ill-fitting trousers and shirt,
fighting fascists,
anonymous, immortal.

Other poems are dedicated to those who became known for their personal uniqueness, or the unique path they took to get to Spain. Many of these volunteers were first-generation children of immigrants from big cities, and small towns. One Lincoln was the son of an Ohio governor while another actually ran for governor of California in 1946. Among the better known is the charismatic Berkeley graduate student Robert Merriman—son of a lumberjack—and his wife Marion, who arrived from California via a research fellowship in Moscow. Novelist, journalist, and screenwriter Alvah Bessie was one of the “Hollywood 10” and appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947 where he refused to talk, and became “a minor star mingling with the left elite.” Another who rubbed shoulders with Ernest Hemingway—one of the most renowned chroniclers of the war—was a working class Jew from Brooklyn named Milton Wolff, who began as a machine gunner and was quickly promoted to battalion commander before returning home with the rest of the international volunteers in December 1938.

The war in Spain brought dignity to those discriminated against at home because of the color of their skin, such as Crawford Morgan:

In Spain I felt like a human being, a man.
People didn’t look at me with hatred in
their eyes because I was black, it is quite
a nice feeling to feel like a human being.

 Or Salaria Kea:

She stood out, the one African American
woman in the Spanish Civil War, a nurse who
spoke her mind, fought racism, saved lives.

Carroll’s poems, rarely more than a page, are structured around both known and little known facts which defined these volunteers, many whom Carroll was able to interview himself when they were alive. Nearly all joined the Communist party—a prerequisite of the Comintern’s recruitment and a decision which would follow the survivors back to the United States. Many Lincolns were persecuted, blacklisted, imprisoned, or driven to suicide or exile by their own government during the McCarthy era. Carroll’s verses locate the humanity in those volunteers who had broken and turned against the cause. Edward Barsky, on the other hand, was among so many like Bessie and others who paid a high price for refusing to name names:

[…] He went to prison—
six months and a fine. Now a felon, he
lost his New York medical license but
what else could a good doctor do?

Whether they died in Spain, in the next World War, or in the U.S. most dedicated their lives to the struggle, taking up similar causes along the way. Carroll’s poems document how they found meaning and relevance in new fights against totalitarianism, racism, and anti-semitism in the 20th century. While many re-enlisted and served proudly in World War II, others protested American wars in Korea, Vietnam, and Iraq as well as American covert operations in Cuba, Chile, and Central America.

Peter Carroll’s Sketches from Spain: Homage to the Abraham Lincoln Brigade is an accessible testament and representation of extraordinarily moving individuals who put their lives on the line to change the world. They recognized the high stakes at play in Spain, which so many Americans realized too late, as World War II would come to prove.

Claude Potts is the Librarian for Romance Language Collections at the University of California, Berkeley where he is also part of a cross-departmental team working to install on the campus a plaque honoring Spanish Civil War volunteer Robert H. Merriman. This review also appeared in H-Spain.


Celebrating Black History Month in the Romance Languages

Contemporary Black, African, and African diaspora writers across the world are redefining literature and criticism in French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. Here are some noteworthy books in their original languages recently acquired by the UC Berkeley Library. Translations into English may also be available for some of the better known.

 

Please also see the related English literatures post for Black History Month 2024 and the Black History at Cal library research guide.


PhiloBiblon 2024 n. 2 (Fevereiro): Os anais portugueses (séculos XIV-XVI) e a BITAGAP

Filipe Alves Moreira
IF/Universidade do Porto e Universidade Aberta

Como já foi destacado em diversas ocasiões (p. ex., Sharrer 2022), o trabalho da equipa da BITAGAP em bibliotecas e arquivos portugueses e de outros países tem descoberto, (re)localizado e identificado uma grande quantidade de textos e manuscritos de que não havia conhecimento, permitindo assim alargar consideravelmente a base empírica de estudo da cultura galega e portuguesa da Idade Média. Por vezes, essas descobertas dizem respeito não apenas a um texto ou autor em específico, mas a um género textual. É o que sucede com os anais escritos, em língua portuguesa, entre finais do século XIV e inícios do século XVI.

Contrariamente aos anais portugueses escritos em latim durante o século XII e início do XIII, que contam já com diferentes edições e uma sólida investigação que lhes tem sido dedicada (p. ex.: David 1947, Bautista 2009, Furtado 2021), os anais portugueses escritos a partir do século XIV, e especialmente os que foram escritos em português (que são quase todos) estão inéditos ou muito insuficientemente estudados e editados. Existe, até, a ideia de que o género analístico é algo especificamente medieval. Nada mais falso, porém: pelo menos em Portugal, não só continuou a escrever-se anais ao longo dos séculos XVI-XVII, como, até, dir-se-ia que foram mais comuns nessa época, do que anteriormente.

É, todavia, compreensível que os anais em português dos séculos XIV, XV e inícios do XVI estejam ainda inéditos ou insuficientemente editados e não tenham sido estudados: é que a maior parte deles eram completamente desconhecidos, antes das sucessivas atualizações de BITAGAP, ao longo dos últimos dez anos. Foi a BITAGAP que, pela primeira vez, apresentou um corpus de anais escritos em português, muitos deles descobertos e identificados devido às investigações da equipa. Este corpus está facilmente acessível através de uma busca em Obra por “Anais medievais” em “Assunto”.

A mais recente atualização de BITAGAP contém um elenco de 21 destes anais. Como sempre acontece com este tipo de textos, não é fácil estabelecer-se uma cronologia para cada um deles. A maior parte subsiste, aparentemente, em cópias únicas, maioritariamente datáveis do século XVI, mas os acontecimentos históricos mais recentes neles mencionados variam entre finais do século XIV e inícios do século XVI. Quase todos concentram-se na história portuguesa, começando habitualmente, ou com a batalha do Salado (1340), ou com a guerra de Aljubarrota e a ascensão de D. João I ao trono (1385), eventos que assim adquirem estatuto fundacional. São especialmente numerosas as entradas relativas a acontecimentos dos reinados de D. Duarte, D. Afonso V, D. João II e D. Manuel I. Embora a maior parte dos acontecimentos mencionados por estes anais sejam também conhecidos através de outras fontes históricas, alguns transmitem diversos acontecimentos não mencionados noutros locais, sendo, por isso, especialmente relevantes. Um exemplo interessante é a cerimónia de investidura do infante D. Fernando, irmão de D. Afonso V e pai de D. Manuel, ocorrida em Lisboa a 10 de agosto de 1456, a qual é descrita, com certo detalhe, em alguns destes anais (segundo já foi comentado por Aguiar 2018). Também não é fácil perceber-se a génese destes textos. Alguns parecem resultar da compilação e/ou continuação de textos analísticos prévios (várias entradas repetem-se, ipsis verbis ou quase); outros, terão sido redigidos e acrescentados à medida que os acontecimentos históricos dignos de registo se iam sucedendo. É também notória a relação destes textos com o género historiográfico por excelência desta época, as crónicas. Com efeito, dos 21 textos atualmente elencados em BITAGAP, 6 estão copiados em manuscritos (ou, no caso do BITAGAP texid 11379, num impresso) que contêm, também, cópias ou sumários de crónicas, especialmente as de Rui de Pina e de Duarte Galvão. Esta circunstância já indicia uma proximidade entre ambos estes géneros, mas uma observação mais atenta poderá estreitá-la ainda mais. Com efeito, existem manuscritos do século XVI que contêm textos formalmente analísticos mas que, segundo explicitam, resultam da abreviação do conteúdo de crónicas (especialmente as de Fernão Lopes, Rui de Pina e Duarte Galvão), constituindo, assim, o que poderá ser apelidado de “sumários analísticos” (um exemplo, já editado, é Costa 1996). Este facto, junto com a evidente proximidade destes textos com as crónicas, seja do ponto de vista material, seja do conteúdo, leva a pensar que alguns dos textos do corpus analístico estabelecido pela BITAGAP podem resultar, também, deste processo, ainda que o não digam. Mas pode também acontecer o contrário, isto é, que alguns destes anais tenham sido fonte das crónicas. Só um estudo aprofundado, que tenha em conta quer a tradição manuscrita dos anais, quer a das crónicas, permitirá afirmar uma destas (ou ambas estas) hipóteses. Estes anais em língua portuguesa serão editados, com notas, introduções e comentários que os contextualizem, numa coleção de textos antigos dedicados à figura de D. Afonso Henriques, em fase de preparação, e serão também tidos em conta pelo projeto Aranhis, que procura integrar os anais portugueses (em português e em latim) com os anais ibéricos.

Vejamos, entretanto, alguns dos anais descobertos pela BITAGAP, e algumas das suas caraterísticas.

Um dos textos mais interessantes, e digno de ponderado estudo (que está a fazer-se) é o BITAGAP texid 18130, convencionalmente apelidado (quase todos os títulos deste corpus são convencionais) de “Descrição do mundo e notícias analísticas”. Trata-se de uma extensa compilação analística, das mais extensas do corpus (só comparável em extensão ao conhecido Livro da NoaBITAGAP texid 1057–e à chamada Iª Crónica Breve de Santa Cruz de CoimbraBITAGAP texid 1240). Ocupa 24 fólios na única cópia conhecida, o manuscrito 51-X-22 da Biblioteca da Ajuda (BITAGAP manid 3984), das primeiras décadas do século XVI. É um dos exemplos de associação dos anais às crónicas, pois esse manuscrito inclui, entre outros textos, uma cópia da Crónica de D. João II de Rui de Pina, com notáveis variantes (incluindo o prólogo, que não é de Rui de Pina, mas, possivelmente, do compilador deste manuscrito). Esta compilação analística tem a introduzi-la, e a contextualizá-la, uma descrição do mundo limitada à Europa, Ásia e África (o que estará indicando a sua possível antiguidade) e uma contagem das famosas sete idades do mundo (fólios 111-112, segundo a numeração moderna, que se sobrepôs a uma anterior e não coincidente). A compilação analística propriamente dita segue, grosso modo, uma ordem cronológica, começando pelo nascimento de Alexandre Magno e prosseguindo com diversos acontecimentos da história universal e, sobretudo, peninsular, antes de entrar a tratar do reinado de D. Afonso Henriques, momento a partir do qual as entradas se ocupam de acontecimentos dos sucessivos reinados portugueses, até ao ano de 1525.

Ms. 51-X-22 da Biblioteca do Palácio da Ajuda, fl. 111r. Início da “Descrição do Mundo”
Ms. 51-X-22 da Biblioteca do Palácio da Ajuda, f. 111r. Início da “Descrição do Mundo”

A parte inicial desta compilação analística tem evidentes pontos de contacto e mesmo entradas em comum com a chamada Iª Crónica Breve de Santa Cruz de Coimbra e com anais castelhanos, o que revela tratar-se de uma compilação pelo menos parcialmente baseada em textos bem mais antigos. A maior parte (a partir do fólio 115r) desta compilação é, porém, ocupada com acontecimentos do reinado de D. João I e seguintes (e especialmente dos reinados de D. Afonso V, D. João II e D. Manuel), com algumas entradas referentes a acontecimentos não conhecidos de outras fontes narrativas.

Ms. 51-X-22 da Biblioteca do Palácio da Ajuda, fl. 117r. Exemplo de acontecimentos do reinado de D. Afonso V.
Ms. 51-X-22 da Biblioteca do Palácio da Ajuda, f. 117r. Exemplo de acontecimentos do reinado de D. Afonso V.

Outro exemplo de associação às crónicas e de uma compilação analística extensa é o conjunto de anais (BITAGAP texid 34129) copiado no ms. Casa Fronteira e Alorna, número 5, da Torre do Tombo (BITAGAP manid 1398). Trata-se de um manuscrito também da primeira metade do século XVI que contém um conjunto de cópias das crónicas de Duarte Galvão e de Rui de Pina (até à de Afonso IV), curiosas porque, frequentemente, copiam apenas o início e o final dos capítulos, originando, as mais das vezes, texto sem sentido. Após a Crónica de D. Afonso IV, surge esta compilação analística, que ocupa os fólios 271v-278v, a qual começa com a batalha do Salado (1340) e termina com a morte da rainha D. Maria, em 1517. Várias entradas são comuns a outros anais e muitas são especialmente dedicadas ao reinado de D. João II, também aqui com acontecimentos nem sempre conhecidos por outras fontes narrativas.

ANTT, Ms. Casa Fronteira e Alorna, número 5. Exemplo de entrada do reinado de D. João II
ANTT, Ms. Casa Fronteira e Alorna, n. 5. Exemplo de entrada do reinado de D. João II: chegada de Colombo, “jenoes”, a Lisboa, após a viagem à América, fólio 277v.

Um terceiro caso interessante é o do texto intitulado “Memoriall dallgũas cousas” (BITAGAP texid 18624), na cópia mais antiga conhecida (COD. 13182 da BNP, BITAGAP manid 1346), uma cópia muito cuidada, com epígrafes a vermelho separando cada uma das entradas. Mais uma vez, estamos perante um conjunto analístico que faz parte de uma miscelânea manuscrita que contém a cópia de uma crónica, neste caso a Crónica de D. Afonso Henriques de Duarte Galvão, entre outros textos (entre os quais uma versão [BITAGAP texid 10498] da célebre Lenda de Gaia já editada e estudada por Ramos 2004). Este conjunto começa com a batalha de Aljubarrota (1385) e termina com o surto de peste de 1520, sendo a maior parte das entradas (algumas extensas e nem todas seguindo a ordem cronológica) dos reinados de D. Afonso V, D. João II e D. Manuel. Uma particularidade interessante deste manuscrito é a sua proveniência, pois, segundo apurou Ramos 2004, a sua origem está, muito provavelmente, numa comunidade religiosa feminina de Guimarães–o que mostra a circulação alargada deste tipo de miscelâneas, incluindo os textos analísticos nelas copiadas. Desta vez, conhece-se uma outra cópia deste texto, mais tardia (século XVII), com variantes e intitulada “Lembranças antiguas”, no manuscrito 2436 da BNE (BITAGAP manid 5253), fólios 228r a 237r.  A entrada mais recente desta cópia é, porém, do ano de 1508, o que, em conjunto com as variantes, levanta o problema de tratar-se, ou não, de uma cópia modificada do manuscrito quinhentista de Guimarães.

COD. 13182 da BNP, fólio 3r. Início da compilação analística.
COD. 13182 da BNP, f. 3r. Início da compilação analística.

Um último caso pode ser relevado, porque, contrariamente aos anteriores, não faz parte de compilações historiográficas, mas sim de uma cópia de documentos. Trata-se de um breve conjunto analístico copiado no fólio 180v do Livro 517 da Alfândega de Vila do Conde, Torre do Tombo (BITAGAP manid 6896), por isso designados como “Anais de Vila do Conde” (BITAGAP texid 25247). Começa, uma vez mais, com a batalha do Salado, e termina com a vinda do duque de Lencastre à Península Ibérica, no contexto das lutas pela sucessão dos tronos de Portugal e de Castela, no final do século XIV. Antecede estes anais uma lista dos cavaleiros portugueses que estiveram presentes na conquista de Ceuta (1415), mas, de facto, a maior parte deste manuscrito é de documentos relacionados com a atividade da alfândega de Vila do Conde, nos séculos XV e XVI. É interessante, por isso (e relevante), a presença de anais num manuscrito deste tipo.

Referências

Aguiar, Miguel (2018). Cavaleiros e Cavalaria. Ideologia, práticas e rituais aristocráticos em Portugal nos Séculos XIV e XV. Porto: Teodolito.

Bautista, Francisco (2009). “Breve historiografía: listas regias y Anales en la Peninsula Iberica (Siglos VII-XII)”. Talia Dixit. Núm. 4, pp. 113-90: https://publicaciones.unex.es/index.php/TD/article/view/213

Costa, José Pereira da, ed. (1996). Crónicas dos Reis de Portugal e Sumários das suas vidas: D. Pedro I, D. Fernando, D. João I, D. Duarte, D. Afonso V, D. João II / Gaspar Correia. Lisboa: Academia das Ciências.

David, Pierre (1947). Études Historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VI au XII siécle. Paris: Institut Français au Portugal.

Furtado, Rodrigo (2021). “Writing history in Portugal before 1200”. Journal of Medieval History. Vol. 47, Issue 2, pp. 145-73: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03044181.2021.1902375

Ramos, Maria Ana (2004). “Hestorja dell Rej dom Ramjro de lleom”…. Nova versão de “A Lenda de Gaia”. Critica del Testo. Romània romana. Giornata di studi in onore di Giuseppe Tavani. Vol. 7 n. 2, pp. 791-843.

Sharrer, Harvey L. (2022). “BITAGAP (Bibliografia de Textos Antigos Galegos e Portugueses): um armazém da memória histórica” in R. Pichel (ed.), Tenh’eu que mi fez el i mui gran ben. Estudos sobre cultura escrita medieval dedicados a Harvey L. Sharrer. Madrid: Sílex, pp. 39-67.